Roman Farming
Romans used mostly slaves to work in the fields. Slaves were widely available, and they provided cheap labor to work their fields. The fields were plowed with an ard-type plow, which is basically a heavy stick pulled by an ox. Later the Romans did add a coulter to the plow, which would help break up the soil before the plowshare would turn the soil over.
Grain was harvested by hand until the first century A.D. At
this time, a reaping machine called a vallus
was invented in Gaul (modern day France) which allowed for an easier harvest.
The wheat would be beaten to separate the chaff (outer covering) from the kernels.
The beaten wheat were put into winnowing basket and then tossed into the air.
The lighter chaff would blow away while the heavy grains would fall back to
the basket. The Romans also employed a wooden sled known as a tribulum, which
was pulled over the wheat to separate the chaff. They later imported from North
Africa a Punic Cart which used a roller type device to press the grain.
After the chaff was removed, the wheat was dried on a drying floor. The wheat was spread on the floor, and a hypocaust, a type of central heating system under the floor, was used. The heating system was similar to that used in the public baths to heat the rooms. The heat dried out the grains, after which they were ready for storage in a granary until it was needed.
Later, the wheat would be ground by large stones. For large amounts of grain, a donkey mill or waterwheel was employed. These would grind large amounts of grain at one time but would also produce course flour that would have to be sifted before being used.
Rome needed a large amount of food to supply its large population. Much of this grain was imported from North Africa, especially Egypt. The Romans had to control the Mediterranean Sea to insure that the needed food supplies were able to flow freely from Africa to Italy.
Besides wheat, two other primary crops were olives and grapes. Olives were squeezed in special presses for oil. The presses were designed not to crush the seeds which would give the oil a sour taste. Olive oil was used in cooking and also as fuel for lamps. Grapes were pressed either by treading on them or with a screw press to be made into wine.
By 100 B.C. most farming was done on large estates. The owners
of these estates often lived in town for the majority of the year. A manager,
called a vilicus, supervised the farm work on the estate. Another person, the
villica, would be in charge of the household. Often the villica and the villicus
were slaves. The work on the estates was done in large part by slave laborers.
Over ninety percent of the Romans lived and worked in the countryside.
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